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Sexual health · Evidence tier B

Kisspeptin

kisspeptin-10 · KP-10 · metastin 45-54 · kisspeptin 112-121 (name used in US trial records) · kisspeptin-54 · KP-54

Kisspeptin is a natural hormone that switches on the body’s reproductive system12. In brief human studies it raised sex hormones and arousal measures34, but it is not approved for any use and US pharmacies may not make it15.

Last reviewed · First published · 50 sources · 31 min read · By the Pinc Peptide editors

Illustration: a glass vial with a pink label reading Kisspeptin
Illustration, not a real product: an empty glass vial (photo: Missouri Historical Society, public domain) with our label. See every vial.

Quick answers

What is it?
A natural hormone, made in the brain, that switches on the reproductive system12. Sellers offer kisspeptin-10, a short piece 10 amino acids long16. The libido and IVF trials used the longer kisspeptin-5447.
Does it work?
In men, one IV dose raises sex hormones38. One kisspeptin-54 drip changed brain responses to sexual videos in people with low desire and raised arousal in men49. In small IVF trials it matured eggs10. With frequent or nonstop dosing, the effect fades1112.
Is it safe?
Unknown for regular use. Most studies lasted hours, and many did not report side effects1. FDA warns pharmacy-made copies may trigger immune reactions and carry poorly understood impurities13. In mice prone to clogged arteries, 4 weeks of kisspeptin-10 sped plaque growth14.
Is it legal?
Not approved anywhere1. US pharmacies may not make it: FDA lists it as a significant safety risk, and its advisers voted 0-11 against it in 202451315. Banned at all times for male athletes16.
What is in the vials?
Unknown. The testing service Finnrick lists two results, from April and August 2026, and both are marked incomplete17. FDA found little information on the impurities in kisspeptin-101. In 2025 Health Canada reported seizing kisspeptin from three sellers61819.

What it is

Kisspeptins are natural hormones made from the KISS1 gene. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus, the brain area that runs the hormone system, use them to switch on the cells that release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)1. GnRH makes the pituitary gland release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which drive testosterone and sperm production in men1; in women, an LH surge triggers the final maturing of eggs7. Kisspeptins act through a receptor called GPR54 (also known as KISS1R). People born with broken versions of the receptor gene do not go through puberty normally, which is how kisspeptin’s role in reproduction was found220. The body makes several lengths. Kisspeptin-54, 54 amino acids long, is the main form in human blood21. Kisspeptin-14, -13 and -10 are shorter pieces that share its end2223, and kisspeptin-10 is the shortest piece with full activity324. In the blood, half of a dose of kisspeptin-10 is gone in about 4 minutes, and half of a dose of kisspeptin-54 in about 28 minutes18. Given often or nonstop, both lose much of their effect, because the system becomes desensitized11112.

Kisspeptin was found through cancer research. KiSS-1 was described in 1996 as a gene that holds back the spread of melanoma25. In 2001 two research groups showed that it makes peptides that switch on GPR54, a receptor whose natural trigger had been unknown; one group named the 54-amino-acid form ‘metastin’2226. In 2003 two teams linked broken GPR54 genes to a failure to go through puberty220. In 2005 researchers at Imperial College London showed that a kisspeptin-54 drip raised LH, FSH and testosterone in men8. The same group later ran many of the human trials, including the IVF and low-desire studies479. The first published human studies of kisspeptin-10 appeared in 2011, from Edinburgh and London327, and a Massachusetts General Hospital group in Boston is now testing it in reproductive disorders2829. No company has brought either form to market1. A longer-lasting lab-made relative, TAK-448, has been tested in people, but it is a different molecule24.

Benefits: what the research shows

No large trial of either form has been completed, and most human studies gave one dose or a short drip in a research unit. The best human evidence comes from small randomized trials at Imperial College London that gave kisspeptin-54 by IV drip or injection. In 32 men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD, persistent low desire that causes distress), one 75-minute drip changed activity in the brain’s sexual-processing network while they watched sexual videos, compared with placebo. It increased penile tumescence (swelling) during the videos by up to 56% more than placebo and raised ‘happiness about sex’ by 0.63 points4. In 32 premenopausal women with HSDD, the same drip changed brain responses to erotic videos and attractive faces. That trial measured brain activity, not desire or sexual activity at home9. Earlier crossover trials in 29 and 33 healthy young men found that the drip increased brain responses to sexual and romantic images and to scents and faces linked to attraction3132. A 95-person crossover trial found that it raised LH but did not change anxiety, the stress hormone cortisol, blood pressure or heart rate33. For IVF, a single kisspeptin-54 injection led to egg maturation in 95% of 60 women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), with live births after 45% of embryo transfers and no moderate or severe OHSS10. In a 62-woman randomized trial, a second dose 10 hours later raised the share of women with a good egg yield from 45% to 71%; its authors called for trials against standard IVF triggers7. In women with hypothalamic amenorrhea (periods stopped because the brain’s reproductive signal is weak), twice-daily kisspeptin-54 injections lost most of their effect within 2 weeks, while twice-weekly injections still raised reproductive hormones after 8 weeks1134. A 2025 study showed that a kisspeptin-54 nasal spray also raises LH35. Kisspeptin-10, the form sold online, has thinner evidence. Single IV doses raised LH within 30 minutes in healthy men, with the largest rise at 1 µg/kg, and a 22.5-hour IV infusion raised testosterone from 16.6 to 24.0 nmol/L in 4 men3. Given by IV to healthy men, kisspeptin-10 and kisspeptin-54 raised LH and FSH to a similar degree, and both less than GnRH itself36. One IV dose raised LH in men of all ages but raised testosterone only in the youngest group37. In women, kisspeptin-10 did not raise reproductive hormones in the first half of the menstrual cycle, even at high doses, but did just before ovulation27. In 4 men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone, an 11-hour IV infusion raised testosterone from 8.5 to 11.4 nmol/L38. FDA’s 2024 review read one study as showing that kisspeptin-10 raises LH and FSH in men but cannot consistently raise testosterone with the dosing used. It found no studies of injections into muscle and judged the evidence too thin to support its use for secondary hypogonadism in men, meaning low testosterone caused by a weak signal from the brain1. A study published in August 2026 gave kisspeptin-10 by infusion under the skin to healthy men. After 5 days of nonstop infusion, testosterone was still raised but LH and FSH were back to placebo levels; 8-hour daily infusions kept LH modestly raised for 12 days12. We found no published trial of once-daily kisspeptin-10 shots, the way it is sold, for libido, fertility or testosterone. At Massachusetts General Hospital, a 2-week study of kisspeptin-10 pulses given by pump under the skin finished in August 2025 without posted results. Two more, in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (low sex hormones because the brain’s signal is missing or weak) and hypothalamic amenorrhea, were listed as recruiting on 13 July 2026293940. Results for TAK-448, a longer-lasting relative, do not count here because it is a different molecule; given nonstop, it pushed testosterone down to castration levels within 8 days24.

Key human studies

StudyDesignPeopleDose and routeResult
Mills et al., JAMA Netw Open 20234PubMed · DOI Double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-way crossover randomized trial at a single UK academic research center (January-September 2021) in right-handed heterosexual men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder; 37 randomized, 32 completed; registered ISRCTN17271094 32 Kisspeptin-54, 1 nmol/kg/h by IV infusion for 75 minutes, once, vs a rate-matched placebo infusion Brain activity in sexual-processing areas while viewing sexual videos changed vs placebo (Cohen d 0.81, P=.003). Penile tumescence rose by up to 56% more than placebo (0.28 units, P=.02) and ‘happiness about sex’ by 0.63 points (P=.02)4.
Thurston et al., JAMA Netw Open 20229PubMed · DOI Double-masked, placebo-controlled, 2-way crossover randomized trial in a UK university research setting (October 2020 to April 2021) in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder; 40 randomized, 32 completed; registered ISRCTN17271094 32 Kisspeptin-54, 1 nmol/kg/h by IV infusion for 75 minutes, once, vs an equal-rate placebo infusion Changed brain responses to erotic videos and attractive male faces vs placebo. Larger kisspeptin-driven responses went with more sexual distress at baseline (r=0.469) and less sexual aversion (r=0.476). No adverse effects were reported. Brain activity, not desire or sexual activity, was the main outcome9.
Abbara et al., Hum Reprod 20177PubMed · DOI · NCT01667406 Phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trial at the Hammersmith Hospital IVF unit, London (August 2015 to May 2016), in women aged 18-34 at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; patients, embryologists and IVF doctors were blinded 62 Kisspeptin-54, 9.6 nmol/kg injected under the skin 36 h before egg retrieval, then a second 9.6 nmol/kg dose or saline 10 h later Egg yield of at least 60%: 71.0% (22/31) with two doses vs 45.2% (14/31) with one (difference +25.8%, 95% CI 2.1 to 49.5%, P=0.042); the abstract gives 21/31, which does not match its own 71%. Moderate ovarian hyperstimulation: 0/31 with two doses vs 1/31 with one7.
Yeung et al., Eur J Endocrinol 202612PubMed · DOI Randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study in healthy men: acute dose-response (7 men), 5-day continuous infusion (4 men) and 12-day intermittent infusion (7 men), with 12 men as controls; the paper reports 15 men recruited in all – Kisspeptin-10 by infusion under the skin: 1.25-10 nmol/kg/h for 8 h; 180 nmol/h nonstop for 5 days; 150 nmol/h for 8 h a day for 12 days Acute infusions raised LH, FSH and testosterone vs vehicle (P<.0001). After 5 nonstop days, testosterone stayed raised but LH and FSH were back to vehicle levels. With 8-h daily infusions, LH rose +1.68 IU/L on day 1 and +1.14 IU/L on day 12 vs -0.16 on vehicle (P=.003)12.
George et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 20113PubMed · DOI Dose-response and infusion study in healthy men, with vehicle comparison; the authors noted kisspeptin-10 had not been studied in people before – Kisspeptin-10 IV bolus 0.01-3.0 µg/kg; IV infusion of 4 µg/kg/h for 22.5 h or 1.5 µg/kg/h LH rose from 4.1 to 12.4 IU/L 30 minutes after 1 µg/kg, the most effective bolus (n=6); 3 µg/kg gave a smaller rise. The 22.5-h infusion raised LH from 5.4 to 20.8 IU/L and testosterone from 16.6 to 24.0 nmol/L (n=4). The lower-dose infusion made LH pulses more frequent3.
Jayasena et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 200911PubMed · DOI Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, parallel trial in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea (5 per group) 10 Kisspeptin-54, 6.4 nmol/kg injected under the skin twice daily for 2 weeks, vs saline After the first injection, LH rose by 24.0 IU/L and FSH by 9.1 IU/L; on day 14 the rises were only 2.5 and 0.5 IU/L (P<0.05). No change in LH pulses or ovarian ultrasound11.

Doses studied

Doses below are what studies used or what a label says. They are not advice, and gray-market products may not contain what their label says.

In human studies

Kisspeptin-10: single IV boluses of 0.01 to 3 µg/kg in healthy men, with the largest LH rise at 1 µg/kg, and IV infusions of 1.5 or 4 µg/kg per hour for up to 22.5 hours3; 4 µg/kg per hour by IV for 11 hours in men with type 2 diabetes38; one 1 µg/kg IV dose in men of different ages37. FDA’s review lists the highest human exposures as 13 µg/kg by IV bolus, a single 42 µg/kg injection under the skin in women, and 12.5 µg/kg per hour by IV for 24 hours. It found no published trial that gave kisspeptin-10 on a fixed schedule for more than one day1. Infusions under the skin in healthy men: 1.25 to 10 nmol/kg per hour for 8 hours, 180 nmol per hour nonstop for 5 days, and 150 nmol per hour for 8 hours a day for 12 days12. A Boston study gave 20 IV doses over 40 hours to people with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and a later one used a pump that gave a pulse under the skin about every 90 minutes for 2 weeks2839. Kisspeptin-54: 1 nmol/kg per hour by IV for 75 minutes in the libido, attraction and anxiety studies4933; single injections of 1.6 to 12.8 nmol/kg under the skin as an IVF trigger, with the highest pregnancy rates at 9.6 nmol/kg1021; 6.4 nmol/kg under the skin twice daily for 2 weeks in hypothalamic amenorrhea, which lost most of its effect11, and twice-weekly injections for 8 weeks34; 12.8 nmol/kg as a nasal spray35. We found no published trial of once-daily kisspeptin-10 shots, the regimen sold online.

In animal studies

Monkeys: nonstop IV kisspeptin-10 at 1,200 or 4,800 µg/kg per day raised LH for only about 3 hours, while 2 µg one-minute IV pulses every hour for 48 hours triggered repeated LH and FSH pulses1. Mice prone to atherosclerosis: 5 or 12.5 µg/kg per hour by pump under the skin for 4 weeks sped plaque growth, so no dose was free of adverse effects114. Dogs: 30, 100 or 1,000 µg/kg IV once daily for 14 days, with no drug-related toxicity even at the top dose47. Rats: half-life under 1 minute after 1 mg/kg IV1.

What users report Anecdotal · not validated · not a recommendation

A 2026 dosing-guide website lists 100 to 200 µg of kisspeptin-10 under the skin once a day48.

Half-life
About 4 minutes for kisspeptin-10 and about 28 minutes for kisspeptin-54, both measured by IV1Kisspeptin-10: 3.8 minutes in men and 4.1 minutes in women, measured during and after an IV infusion (Jayasena 2011, as summarized by FDA); under 1 minute in rats after an IV injection1. Kisspeptin-54: 27.6 minutes in 6 men during a 90-minute IV infusion8. No half-life has been published for kisspeptin-10 injected under the skin, the way it is sold.
Routes
  • Intravenous bolus or infusion (most human studies of both forms, including the libido brain-scan trials)
  • Subcutaneous injection or pump (kisspeptin-54 in IVF and amenorrhea trials; kisspeptin-10 as single shots in women and by infusion for up to 12 days in men; the usual clinic and gray-market route)
  • Intranasal spray (kisspeptin-54 in one 2025 crossover study)
  • Intramuscular injection (proposed in the 2024 compounding nomination; no human data found)
  • Troches dissolved in the mouth (offered by some compounders per FDA; no human data found)

Every dose studied for Kisspeptin, with sources →

Quality and the gray market

What testing finds

Almost no independent data. Finnrick, a service that publishes lab results for peptide samples, lists 2 kisspeptin tests from 2 vendors, dated 20 April 2026 and 3 August 2026; both are marked incomplete, so neither passed nor failed17. Senders choose what to test, so this is not a market survey. In FDA’s 2024 review, the nominator’s certificate of analysis capped total impurities at 2.0% and any single impurity at 1.0% but did not say what the impurities were, and FDA could find no synthesis or characterization information from suppliers1. FDA notes that peptides like kisspeptin-10 are sensitive to heat, pH and other conditions, which can make them clump (aggregate) or break down and lose activity1. In 2025 Health Canada reported seizing kisspeptin products from three sellers but published no test results61819.

How it is sold

Sold online as ‘research use’ powder, typically 10 mg products of kisspeptin-1016. FDA’s 2024 review found US compounding pharmacies, med spas and clinics marketing kisspeptin, though it was unclear whether all of the products were compounded; weight loss and fertility were the uses most often promoted1. Compounders offered kisspeptin-10 as 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL injections and 200 µg troches. Websites claimed it could ‘improve fertility of men,’ ‘aid weight loss’ and ‘regulate hormonal pathways’; one called it an alternative to hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), and a clinic claimed it breaks down stored fat1. No outsourcing facility reported making kisspeptin-10 products from January 2017 to June 20231. In Canada, Health Canada’s 2025 notices report kisspeptin seized from a Calgary wellness center, an online seller and a Vancouver fitness business61819. Demand looks small: by 25 September 2026 Finnrick had tested 2 kisspeptin samples, against 4,367 for retatrutide49. A dosing-guide website updated 20 September 2026 claims kisspeptin raises sex hormones ‘without suppressing’ the body’s hormone axis and restores periods in hypothalamic amenorrhea48. In the published trials, twice-daily injections lost most of their effect within 2 weeks and did not change ovarian activity on ultrasound11, and after 5 days of nonstop infusion LH and FSH were back to placebo levels12.

Side effects and risks

  • Little safety data for the way it is sold. FDA counted about 300 people given kisspeptin-10 in small, short studies, mostly by IV, which often did not report side effects; none gave it on a fixed schedule for more than a day1. A 2026 study gave it for 5 days to 4 men and for 12 days to 7 men12.
  • The effect can fade with frequent dosing: twice-daily kisspeptin-54 lost most of its effect within 2 weeks, and after 5 days of nonstop kisspeptin-10, LH and FSH were back to placebo levels1112. A longer-lasting relative given nonstop pushed testosterone down to castration levels24.
  • Immune reactions: FDA warns that injected peptides such as kisspeptin-10 can provoke an immune response, possibly more so under the skin than by IV, ranging from harmless antibodies to life-threatening reactions; antibodies could even block the body’s own kisspeptin1. This and poorly characterized impurities are why FDA lists it as a significant safety risk for compounding13.
  • Animal warning signs: in mice prone to atherosclerosis, a 4-week kisspeptin-10 infusion sped artery plaque growth; FDA says it is unknown whether this applies to people114. FDA found no published studies of genetic damage, cancer, or effects on fertility and pregnancy1.
  • Hormone side effects: raising LH and FSH raises sex hormones, which can include estrogen. One FDA adverse event report describes weight gain and higher estrone, a form of estrogen, in a teenager using a compounded product150.
  • Unknown product content: Finnrick lists only 2 tests, both incomplete17.
  • Anti-doping: banned at all times for male athletes16.

Documented harms

  • 7 Apr 2020FAERS, FDA’s adverse event database, holds one report naming kisspeptin, received 7 April 2020, about a 17-year-old US male; it lists weight gain and a rise in estrone, a form of estrogen50. FDA’s 2024 review describes this kind of case as compounded kisspeptin-10 injected at 100 µg under the skin daily for 6 weeks, and says it is limited by an unclear time relationship and missing information. FAERS reports cannot show that a product caused an event1.
  • 1 Sep 2017In the 62-woman IVF trial, one woman given a single kisspeptin-54 trigger developed moderate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, a known IVF complication; none in the two-dose group did7.
  • 26 Aug 2026Results posted for a Boston study that gave 20 IV doses of kisspeptin-10 over 40 hours, plus GnRH, list one serious adverse event among 18 participants: rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown) after the study visits were completed. The record does not say whether kisspeptin played a role28.

Questions people ask

Is kisspeptin FDA approved?

No. FDA’s 2024 review found no approved product containing kisspeptin-10 in the US or any other country1. FDA’s 503A list puts kisspeptin-10 in Category 2, so US pharmacies may not compound it513.

Does kisspeptin increase testosterone?

In short studies in men, yes. A 22.5-hour IV infusion of kisspeptin-10 raised testosterone in 4 healthy men, but FDA read another study as showing it does not raise testosterone consistently, and found too little evidence to treat low testosterone13. In a 2026 study, testosterone stayed raised after 5 days of nonstop infusion under the skin, while LH and FSH did not12.

Does kisspeptin boost libido?

In small UK trials, one 75-minute IV drip of kisspeptin-54 changed brain responses to sexual images in men and women with low desire, and in men it increased penile swelling and ‘happiness about sex’49. These were single doses measured in the lab; we found no trial of kisspeptin-10 shots for libido.

What is the difference between kisspeptin-10 and kisspeptin-54?

Kisspeptin-54 is the main form in human blood, and kisspeptin-10 is its last 10 amino acids2123. Kisspeptin-10 lasts about 4 minutes in the blood and kisspeptin-54 about 28 minutes, but given by IV they raised LH and FSH similarly in healthy men1836. Sellers mostly offer kisspeptin-10, while the libido and IVF trials used kisspeptin-54467.

Is kisspeptin used in IVF?

Only in trials. A single kisspeptin-54 injection matured eggs and led to pregnancies in women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome10. It is still experimental: the trial authors called for head-to-head studies against standard IVF triggers7.

Is kisspeptin banned in sports?

Yes, for male athletes. The 2026 and 2027 Prohibited Lists ban kisspeptin and lab-made relatives that act like it at all times, as testosterone-stimulating peptides in males1642.

What is still unknown

  • We found no published trial of once-daily kisspeptin-10 injections, the regimen sold for home use, for libido, testosterone or fertility.
  • Whether single-dose brain and arousal effects of kisspeptin-54 lead to better sex lives over weeks. We found no study that tested this.
  • Long-term safety in people is unknown, including whether the artery-plaque effect seen in mice applies.
  • The content and purity of gray-market kisspeptin-10 are unknown; Finnrick’s two tests were incomplete.
  • Results of Massachusetts General Hospital’s completed 2-week pump study (NCT05633966, completed 31 August 2025) have not been posted; trials in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (NCT05896293) and hypothalamic amenorrhea (NCT07224438) are recruiting.
  • Whether any anti-doping rule covers kisspeptin use by female athletes was not verified.
  • Whether an Australian group entry covers kisspeptin was not established; UK and EU status were not verified.

Sources

  1. 1FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting of October 29, 2024: kisspeptin-10 (FDA evaluation dated 5 July 2024) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5 Jul 2024. fda.gov
  2. 2The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty New England Journal of Medicine, 23 Oct 2003. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. 3Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Aug 2011. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. 4Effects of Kisspeptin on Sexual Brain Processing and Penile Tumescence in Men With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA Network Open, 1 Feb 2023. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. 5Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (categories list) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 14 May 2026. fda.gov
  6. 6Unauthorized health products sold online and seized at Rize Fitness may pose serious health risks (RA-81403) Health Canada, 24 Dec 2025. recalls-rappels.canada.ca
  7. 7A second dose of kisspeptin-54 improves oocyte maturation in women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a Phase 2 randomized controlled trial Human Reproduction, 1 Sep 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. 8Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Dec 2005. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. 9Effects of Kisspeptin Administration in Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA Network Open, 3 Oct 2022. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. 10Efficacy of Kisspeptin-54 to Trigger Oocyte Maturation in Women at High Risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) During In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Therapy The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sep 2015. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. 11Subcutaneous injection of kisspeptin-54 acutely stimulates gonadotropin secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, but chronic administration causes tachyphylaxis The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nov 2009. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. 12Chronic subcutaneous kisspeptin-10 stimulates gonadotropin secretion for 12 days in healthy men European Journal of Endocrinology, 3 Aug 2026. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. 13Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22 Apr 2026. fda.gov
  14. 14Potent Vasoconstrictor Kisspeptin-10 Induces Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression and Instability: Reversal by its Receptor GPR54 Antagonist Journal of the American Heart Association, 14 Apr 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  15. 15Final Summary Minutes of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting, October 29, 2024 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 15 Jan 2025. fda.gov
  16. 16World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency, 24 Sep 2025. wada-ama.org
  17. 17Kisspeptin: safety testing results and vendor ratings Finnrick, 3 Aug 2026. finnrick.com
  18. 18Unauthorized injectable peptide drugs seized from Optimum Wellness Centre in Calgary, Alberta may pose serious health risks (RA-77218) Health Canada, 1 Apr 2025. recalls-rappels.canada.ca
  19. 19Unauthorized injectable peptide drugs seized and sold by Canada Peptide may pose serious health risks (RA-77807) Health Canada, 1 Aug 2025. recalls-rappels.canada.ca
  20. 20Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16 Sep 2003. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  21. 21Kisspeptin-54 triggers egg maturation in women undergoing in vitro fertilization The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Aug 2014. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  22. 22The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 14 Sep 2001. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  23. 23KISS1_HUMAN (Q15726): Metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1 UniProt, 2 Sep 2026. uniprot.org
  24. 24Sustained exposure to the investigational Kisspeptin analog, TAK-448, down-regulates testosterone into the castration range in healthy males and in patients with prostate cancer: results from two phase 1 studies The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Aug 2014. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  25. 25KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 4 Dec 1996. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  26. 26Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor Nature, 31 May 2001. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  27. 27The effects of kisspeptin-10 on reproductive hormone release show sexual dimorphism in humans The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Dec 2011. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  28. 28Prolonged Pulsatile Kisspeptin Administration in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (NCT04648969) ClinicalTrials.gov, 26 Aug 2026. clinicaltrials.gov
  29. 29Kisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With IHH (NCT05896293) ClinicalTrials.gov, 13 Jul 2026. clinicaltrials.gov
  30. 30Kisspeptin-10, PubChem compound summary (CID 25240297) PubChem, U.S. National Library of Medicine, accessed 5 Oct 2026. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  31. 31Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1 Feb 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  32. 32Kisspeptin enhances brain responses to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men JCI Insight, 13 Feb 2020. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  33. 33Kisspeptin Administration Stimulates Reproductive Hormones but Does Not Affect Anxiety in Humans The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 16 Oct 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  34. 34Twice-weekly administration of kisspeptin-54 for 8 weeks stimulates release of reproductive hormones in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Dec 2010. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  35. 35Intranasal kisspeptin administration rapidly stimulates gonadotropin release in humans eBioMedicine, May 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  36. 36Direct comparison of the effects of intravenous kisspeptin-10, kisspeptin-54 and GnRH on gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men Human Reproduction, Aug 2015. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  37. 37Age-dependent changes in the reproductive axis responsiveness to kisspeptin-10 administration in healthy men Andrologia, May 2019. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  38. 38Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism Clinical Endocrinology, Jul 2013. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  39. 39Kisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With Reproductive Disorders (NCT05633966) ClinicalTrials.gov, 3 Oct 2025. clinicaltrials.gov
  40. 40Kisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (NCT07224438) ClinicalTrials.gov, 13 Jul 2026. clinicaltrials.gov
  41. 41Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 14 May 2026. fda.gov
  42. 42World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2027 World Anti-Doping Agency, 21 Sep 2026. wada-ama.org
  43. 43Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—October 2026) Instrument 2026 (F2026L01327) Federal Register of Legislation, Australian Government, 28 Sep 2026. legislation.gov.au
  44. 4421 CFR Part 1308, Schedules of Controlled Substances (eCFR, as of 25 September 2026) Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR), 25 Sep 2026. ecfr.gov
  45. 45July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 6 Aug 2026. fda.gov
  46. 46Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (categories list) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 21 Mar 2025. fda.gov
  47. 47Safety Evaluation of KP-10 (Metastin 45-54) Following once Daily Intravenous Administration for 14 Days in Dog International Journal of Toxicology, Jul 2021. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  48. 48Kisspeptin Dosage: 10 mg Vial PeptideDosages, 20 Sep 2026. peptidedosages.com
  49. 49Finnrick public data summary (llms-full.txt, generated 25 September 2026) Finnrick, 25 Sep 2026. finnrick.com
  50. 50FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) reports naming kisspeptin, retrieved via the openFDA drug/event API U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA), 30 Jul 2026. api.fda.gov · data query

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