Growth hormone axis · Evidence tier B · #6 in test requests
Ipamorelin
NNC 26-0161 · ipamorelin acetate · Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 · Ipa · CJC & Ipa (vendor name for a CJC-1295 + ipamorelin blend) · FIT Stack (vendor name for a CJC-1295 + ipamorelin blend)
Ipamorelin is a lab-made peptide that triggers short bursts of growth hormone1. Its only published patient trial found no clear benefit, and we found no study testing it in people for fat loss, muscle or sleep2340.

Quick answers
- What is it?
- A lab-made chain of five amino acids34. Like ghrelin, the ‘hunger hormone’, it makes the body release a short burst of growth hormone13. It is sold online and by US clinics for fat loss, muscle and sleep3.
- Does it work?
- Not shown. Its only published patient trial, in 114 adults after bowel surgery, found no clear benefit versus placebo2. A larger trial finished in 2014, but we found no results posted or published540. We found no human study of fat loss, muscle or sleep34041.
- Is it safe?
- Unknown for the way people use it, as shots under the skin3. In a surgery trial, low potassium and high blood sugar were more common than on placebo3. Two patients on it died, and FDA says the drug’s role is unclear3.
What it is
Ipamorelin is a lab-made peptide of five amino acids. Three of them are unusual building blocks not found in human proteins as such: Aib (aminoisobutyric acid), D-2-naphthylalanine and D-phenylalanine, the mirror-image form of phenylalanine34. It belongs to the growth-hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) family. Like ghrelin, the ‘hunger hormone’, it switches on the ghrelin receptor (also called the growth hormone secretagogue receptor) in the brain and pituitary gland, which makes the pituitary release a burst of growth hormone (GH)3. In rat and pig studies it released GH about as strongly as the older peptide GHRP-6. Unlike GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, it did not raise the stress hormones ACTH and cortisol in pigs, even at more than 200 times the dose that gave half its maximum GH effect, which is why its developers called it the first ‘selective’ GH secretagogue4. In healthy men given it by vein, GH rose to a single peak about 40 minutes later and fell to very low levels within about 6 hours13. Ghrelin-receptor stimulation also speeds movement of the gut, which is why it was tested after bowel surgery2.
Researchers at Novo Nordisk first made ipamorelin in the mid-1990s, under the code NNC 26-0161, and described it in 1998 as ‘the first selective growth hormone secretagogue’3411. It came from a series of compounds built by removing the central Ala-Trp pair from an earlier peptide, GHRP-14. From 2008 to 2014, Helsinn Therapeutics (U.S.) ran two Phase 2 trials that gave it by vein to patients recovering from bowel surgery512. The first found no significant benefit, and the second has posted no results25. A 2020 paper quoted by FDA says development was discontinued after the first trial’s disappointing results3.
Benefits: what the research shows
Ipamorelin’s one completed patient trial with public results was negative. In a Phase 2 trial, 114 adults recovering from bowel surgery received 0.03 mg/kg of ipamorelin or placebo by vein twice daily for up to 7 days. The median time to keeping down a solid meal was 25.3 hours on ipamorelin vs 32.6 hours on placebo, a difference that was not statistically significant (p=0.15), and no secondary outcome differed2. A larger dose-finding Phase 2 trial in 320 patients was completed in 2014, but it has posted no results on ClinicalTrials.gov, and we found no publication of them540. The only other published human study with a stated dose that we found gave single IV infusions to 40 healthy men to measure blood levels and the GH response140; an anti-doping study also gave one volunteer a nasal dose to identify urine breakdown products20. We found no published human study that gave ipamorelin under the skin, by mouth or as a nasal spray for any health purpose, or that measured fat, muscle, sleep, recovery, bone or aging outcomes34041. One registered observational study of combat veterans lists ipamorelin among the supplements in a treatment program meant to restore hormone function, without giving a route, and has posted no results41. In 2024 FDA found no data supporting its effectiveness for growth hormone deficiency, the use proposed to it3. We found no published study of the popular combination with CJC-129540; a 2026 review calls that practice ‘largely driven by anecdotal rationale’14. Another 2026 review concluded that GH secretagogues including ipamorelin remain investigational15. Animal studies are more positive but do not test the uses it is sold for. In adult female rats, injections under the skin for 15 days sped bone growth in length and raised body weight without changing IGF-1, but the GH response to a test dose was slightly smaller afterward16. Twelve weeks of continuous dosing raised bone mineral content, mainly because the bones grew bigger rather than denser17. In rats given a steroid, it offset the steroid’s loss of bone formation and muscle strength18. After abdominal surgery in rats, IV doses sped the first bowel movement and repeat doses raised food intake and weight gain19. Against the fat-loss claim, twice-daily injections increased body fat and food intake in mice through effects not driven by GH6. We rate ipamorelin B because a completed controlled trial with public results exists, but that trial was negative, and we found no controlled human evidence for any use it is marketed for.
Key human studies
| Study | Design | People | Dose and route | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beck et al., Int J Colorectal Dis 20142PubMed · DOI · NCT00672074 | Phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial in adults having small or large bowel resection (Helsinn Therapeutics); 117 enrolled, 114 treated and analyzed | 114 | 0.03 mg/kg by IV infusion twice daily from the day after surgery until day 7 or discharge | Median time to first tolerated solid meal 25.3 h vs 32.6 h on placebo (p=0.15); no significant difference in key or secondary outcomes. Any adverse event 87.5% vs 94.8%. FDA’s review adds more low potassium (12.5% vs 3.4%), insomnia (10.7% vs 5.2%) and high blood sugar at discharge (14.3% vs 8.6%) on ipamorelin, and two deaths in the ipamorelin group with an unclear link to the drug23. |
| Gobburu et al., Pharm Res 19991PubMed · DOI | Randomized, placebo-controlled, single-dose escalation study of blood levels and GH response in healthy men: 5 dose levels, 8 men per level (6 on drug and 2 on placebo, per FDA) | 40 | One 15-minute IV infusion of 4.21, 14.02, 42.13, 84.27 or 140.45 nmol/kg | Blood levels rose in proportion to dose; terminal half-life about 2 hours. Each dose caused a single GH burst peaking at about 40 minutes and falling to negligible levels (by 6 hours, per FDA). FDA notes the paper does not mention any adverse events13. |
| Helsinn Therapeutics Phase 2 dose-finding trial in bowel resection (no published results found)5NCT01280344 | Randomized, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial; started April 2011, completed May 2014 | 320 | IV infusion: 0.03 mg/kg twice daily, 0.06 mg/kg twice daily or 0.06 mg/kg three times daily, vs placebo | No results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov (record last updated 13 April 2017), and we found no publication540. |
| Semenistaya et al., Drug Test Anal 201520PubMed · DOI | Anti-doping metabolism study: urine collected for 2 days after one nasal dose (one volunteer per peptide) | 1 | Nasal; dose not stated in the abstract | Ipamorelin was heavily broken down; a fragment, ipamorelin (1-4) free acid, was still detectable in urine after the intact drug had cleared. The abstract reports no safety outcomes20. |
Doses studied
Doses below are what studies used or what a label says. They are not advice, and gray-market products may not contain what their label says.
In human studies
Healthy men: one 15-minute IV infusion of 4.21 to 140.45 nmol/kg1. Surgery patients: 0.03 mg/kg IV twice daily for up to 7 days2. The unpublished dose-finding trial compared 0.03 mg/kg twice daily, 0.06 mg/kg twice daily and 0.06 mg/kg three times daily, all IV5. We found no human study of doses under the skin, by mouth or by nose for any purpose people use it for, and FDA found no human safety data for the under-the-skin route340.
In animal studies
Rats: 18, 90 or 450 µg/day under the skin, split into three daily injections, for 15 days16; 0.5 mg/kg per day by continuous under-the-skin pump for 12 weeks17; 100 µg/kg three times daily under the skin for 3 months, with a steroid18; 0.01 to 1 mg/kg IV after abdominal surgery19. Pigs: GH release with a half-maximal dose of 2.3 nmol/kg, and no ACTH or cortisol rise at more than 200 times that dose4. Rats: about 20% of a nasal dose was absorbed11.
What users report Anecdotal · not validated · not a recommendation
A 2026 medical review compiled bodybuilding-forum reports: 200 to 300 µg under the skin, 2 or 3 times a day14.
- Half-life
- About 2 hours after an IV dose; none found for other routes1Terminal half-life of about 2 hours after a 15-minute IV infusion in healthy men; the GH burst it triggers peaks at about 40 minutes. In rats given an IV dose, FDA’s review cites a half-life of about 27 minutes. FDA found no human blood-level data for under-the-skin use, the route most people use.
- Routes
- Intravenous infusion (the only route with published clinical data we found: healthy volunteers and surgery patients)
- Subcutaneous injection (the usual clinic and gray-market route; we found no published human studies, only adverse-event reports)
- Nasal spray (sold by compounders per FDA; about 20% absorbed in rats; one volunteer in an anti-doping study)
- Oral tablets and troches (advertised by clinics per FDA’s 2024 review; no human data found)
Legal status
- United States
- Not approved for any use. FDA says there are no FDA-approved drug products containing ipamorelin, and it has no official US (USP) monograph3. It is not a federally controlled substance21. In warning letters dated 24 August 2026, FDA called two online sellers’ tesamorelin and ipamorelin blends unapproved new drugs, and in both letters it said research-use labels did not change that2223. FDA’s Import Alert 66-41 lists ipamorelin from a Beijing firm (entry dated 7 August 2012) and an entry published 13 January 2017 for a product declared as aspartic acid, a cosmetic raw material, that was found to contain undeclared ipamorelin24. On 1 April 2026 federal prosecutors announced the indictment of a Utah osteopathic physician for allegedly obtaining misbranded drugs from China, including ipamorelin, and selling them to more than 200 patients; an indictment is only an allegation25.
- US pharmacies
- Ipamorelin has no USP monograph, is not a component of an approved drug and is in no 503A category, so pharmacies have no lawful route to compound it from bulk powder under 503A37. FDA’s safety-risk page lists ipamorelin acetate under ‘bulk drug substances nominated but withdrawn’, meaning the nominators withdrew their requests26. On 29 October 2024 FDA’s Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 0-12, with 1 abstention, against adding the free base and, separately, the acetate to the 503A bulks list8. For outsourcing facilities (503B), ipamorelin acetate has been in Category 2 since 29 September 20232627. FDA cites possible immune reactions from clumping (aggregation) and impurities, unnatural amino acids that make the substance harder to characterize, and serious adverse events including death in the IV surgery trial26. FDA reported that outsourcing facilities compounded ipamorelin injections from at least 2017 until about 20203.
- Other countries
- Australia: the Poisons Standard in force from 1 October 2026 lists ipamorelin in Schedule 4 (prescription only) and in Appendix D, which makes possession without authority, such as a prescription, illegal28. Canada: Health Canada says peptides are generally regulated as prescription drugs. It named ipamorelin among examples of products it has seized in its 9 April 2026 national advisory, and among products seized from a Calgary wellness center in an April 2025 advisory2930. Ipamorelin is not named on Canada’s Prescription Drug List31. Elsewhere: FDA’s 2024 search of national medicine registries, the European Medicines Agency website and the European, Chinese, Indian and Japanese pharmacopoeias found no listing for ipamorelin3. UK: not verified.
- Sport
- Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition, as a named growth hormone secretagogue under S2.2.4 of the 2026 List (non-Specified)10. The 2027 List, in force from 1 January 2027, keeps the same wording32. In February 2026 USADA announced a 3-year ban, starting in December 2025, for a 46-year-old masters weightlifter who tested positive for ipamorelin, an ipamorelin metabolite and ibutamoren in a December 2025 urine sample and admitted using and possessing prohibited substances33.
Quality and the gray market
What testing finds
Finnrick, a service that publishes lab results for peptide samples, lists 441 ipamorelin tests from 92 vendors (13 February 2025 to 24 September 2026). Of the 200 most recent (11 December 2025 to 24 September 2026), 146 passed, 52 failed and 2 were incomplete: a 26% fail rate among completed tests. The pass mark is purity of at least 99.5% with the measured amount within 35% of the label9. The page does not say why samples failed, and senders choose what to test, so this is not a random survey. Seized products can also contain look-alikes: doping-control labs have found glycine-extended ipamorelin (an extra amino acid attached) in black-market products and in Danish customs seizures3435. In 2024 FDA concluded that ipamorelin was not well characterized. The certificate of analysis provided to it lacked tests for impurities, aggregates and bacterial endotoxins3.
How it is sold
Sold online as ‘research use only’ powder, alone and in blends with CJC-1295 or tesamorelin22233637. FDA’s 2024 review found it offered ‘extensively’ by US medical spas, wellness clinics and concierge services, as injections, under-the-tongue troches, rapid-dissolve tablets, nasal sprays and IV solutions, some offered by mail for use at home. A compounding pharmacy listed CJC-1295/ipamorelin and ipamorelin/sermorelin vials3. One website claimed the CJC-1295 combination gives a ‘3-5 fold increase’ in GH release over ipamorelin alone3; we found no published study testing that claim. FDA’s 24 August 2026 warning letters cited a ‘Tesamorelin Ipamorelin Blend’ and ‘BIMORELIN’ (tesamorelin 10 mg plus ipamorelin 3 mg)2223. One seller’s page said ipamorelin ‘can counteract glucocorticoid-induced reductions in bone formation’23, a finding that comes from a rat study18. On 30 September 2026, ipamorelin and CJC-1295 blends appeared on vendor popularity-sorted lists under names such as ‘FIT Stack’ and ‘CJC & Ipa’3637. By our count from the chart data on Finnrick’s June 2026 insights page, ipamorelin drew 618 of 21,253 test requests from May 2025, the month Finnrick launched free public testing, to May 2026 (2.9%); its monthly count peaked at 71 in December 2025 and was 65 in May 202638.
Side effects and risks
- No studies of safety the way people use it: FDA found no studies of under-the-skin, nasal or oral use, and no safety data for injections under the skin3. The longest course in a published study is 7 days of IV dosing in hospital2; adverse-event reports describe longer use339.
- In the surgery trial, low potassium (12.5% vs 3.4%), insomnia (10.7% vs 5.2%) and high blood sugar at discharge (14.3% vs 8.6%) were more common on ipamorelin, and two patients on it died; FDA says it is unclear whether the deaths were related3.
- GH-related risks: FDA says there are not enough data to conclude that ipamorelin avoids the risks of approved products that raise GH, such as glucose intolerance and diabetes, and it is concerned about the other risks on GH labels, including tumor growth and fluid retention3.
- Weight and fat gain: in mice, ipamorelin raised body fat and food intake independently of GH, the opposite of the fat-loss claim6.
- Immune reactions and impurities: FDA warns that injected ipamorelin could provoke immune responses because of clumping and peptide impurities, and its unnatural amino acids make quality control harder326.
- Theoretical risks from its ghrelin-like action: FDA says it may have addictive (reinforcing) effects and may harm reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes; it found the animal studies insufficient to show whether ipamorelin is reinforcing, and no reproductive-toxicity studies of it3.
- Wrong or poor product: about a quarter of recent Finnrick samples failed, and look-alike analogs have been found in seized products934.
- Legal and anti-doping risk: banned in sport at all times, and detectable through urine metabolites; in Australia, possession without a prescription is illegal102833.
Documented harms
- Dec 2014In the Phase 2 surgery trial, 2 of 56 patients on ipamorelin died after bowel resection for colon cancer. Both developed a leak where the bowel had been rejoined. FDA lists the causes as high potassium in a patient with aortic clots, sepsis and a perforated ulcer, and kidney failure and sepsis in a patient with pneumonia. FDA says it is unclear whether ipamorelin played a role23.
- 30 Sep 2023FDA’s search of its adverse event database (FAERS) through 30 September 2023 found two non-serious reports, both involving compounded products. A 32-year-old man had tearing and headache after 17 days of an ipamorelin nasal spray, which were assumed to come from a product-quality problem; the website that sold it took payment by Venmo ‘to avoid detection from authorities’. A 46-year-old man who injected an ipamorelin-sermorelin product for 2 months, for erectile dysfunction, reported elbow joint pain that eased but did not resolve after stopping. FDA’s food and supplement database (CAERS) had no cases from 2004 to 17 August 20233.
- 19 Feb 2026As of openFDA’s 30 July 2026 update, 12 FAERS reports received from 2014 to 2026 name ipamorelin, 11 of them alongside other products; in 8 it was only a background product. A US consumer report received 19 February 2026 and marked life-threatening lists a CJC-1295/ipamorelin product as the only suspect: a 65-year-old woman who injected it under the skin reported a drug hypersensitivity reaction, with product dispensing and preparation errors. FAERS reports are unverified and cannot show which product, if any, caused an event39.
- 17 Apr 2026A US consumer report received 17 April 2026 describes a 19-year-old man who was hospitalized with a reported heart attack, acute kidney injury, abnormal liver tests, low potassium and high blood sugar. It lists four suspect products: a CJC-1295/ipamorelin product, tesamorelin, retatrutide and an unnamed unapproved product taken for muscle building. FAERS reports are unverified and cannot show which product, if any, caused an event39.
Questions people ask
Is ipamorelin FDA approved?
No. No FDA-approved product contains ipamorelin, and in 2024 FDA’s compounding advisers voted 0-12, with 1 abstention, against letting pharmacies compound it38.
Does ipamorelin work?
It reliably triggers a short burst of growth hormone after an IV dose1. We found no study in people testing whether that leads to fat loss, muscle, better sleep or faster recovery, and its one published patient trial, for gut recovery after surgery, found no significant benefit2340.
Is ipamorelin safe?
Short IV courses in hospital were generally tolerated, but low potassium and high blood sugar were more common than on placebo, and two patients on it died of complications that FDA could neither link to it nor rule out23. FDA found no safety data for injections under the skin, and the only reports of longer use are unverified adverse-event reports339.
Does ipamorelin raise cortisol or hunger?
In pigs it did not raise the stress hormones ACTH or cortisol, unlike older GHRPs4. It can increase eating: it raised food intake and body fat in mice, and food intake in rats after surgery619.
What is still unknown
- Results of the 320-patient Phase 2 dose-finding trial (NCT01280344, completed May 2014) have not been posted, and we found no publication of them (PubMed search, 8 October 2026).
- We found no human study of under-the-skin, nasal or oral use for any health purpose, of use beyond 7 days, or of fat, muscle, sleep, recovery, bone or aging outcomes; for those routes and longer use there are only unverified adverse-event reports and one nasal anti-doping study.
- Whether the lack of ACTH and cortisol rise seen in pigs holds with repeated dosing in people was not shown in the human studies reviewed here.
- Whether the two deaths in the surgery trial were related to ipamorelin cannot be judged from the published data.
- We found no study of the combination with CJC-1295, so the claimed ‘synergy’ is untested.
- Why Finnrick samples failed (wrong compound, low purity or wrong amount) is not public.
- The Gobburu 1999 abstract describes 8 men at each of 5 dose levels (40 men), while FDA’s summary says 48 were enrolled.
- UK status was not verified.
Sources
- 1Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers Pharmaceutical Research, Sep 1999. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- 2Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients International Journal of Colorectal Disease, Dec 2014. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- 3FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting of October 29, 2024: ipamorelin-related bulk drug substances (FDA evaluation dated 19 August 2024) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 19 Aug 2024. fda.gov
- 4Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue European Journal of Endocrinology, Nov 1998. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- 5Safety and Efficacy of Ipamorelin Compared to Placebo for the Recovery of Gastrointestinal Function (NCT01280344) ClinicalTrials.gov, 13 Apr 2017. clinicaltrials.gov
- 6Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 12 Jan 2001. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- 7Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (categories list) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 14 May 2026. fda.gov
- 8Final Summary Minutes of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting, October 29, 2024 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 15 Jan 2025. fda.gov
- 9Ipamorelin: safety testing results and vendor ratings Finnrick, 24 Sep 2026. finnrick.com
- 10World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency, 24 Sep 2025. wada-ama.org
- 11Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorption Xenobiotica, Nov 1998. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- 12Safety and Efficacy of Ipamorelin for Management of Post-Operative Ileus (NCT00672074) ClinicalTrials.gov, 14 Apr 2017. clinicaltrials.gov
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- 16Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats Growth Hormone & IGF Research, Apr 1999. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- 17The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats Journal of Endocrinology, Jun 2000. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- 18The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats Growth Hormone & IGF Research, Oct 2001. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Not medical advice. This page reports what studies and regulators say; it does not recommend using any product. How we grade evidence · Report an error.