Peptides for hair: what the trials show, and how they compare with minoxidil

What causes hair loss in women?

Hair grows in cycles that include a growing phase, called anagen, and a resting phase, called telogen²⁶. Resting hairs stay inactive for 2 to 3 months before the follicle grows again, a 2026 review says². Losing 50 to 100 hairs a day is normal, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD)⁷. Shedding far more than that is called telogen effluvium⁷. It is common after losing 20 pounds or more, giving birth, a lot of stress, a high fever, an operation or stopping birth-control pills⁷. Most people notice it a few months after the event, and after childbirth it usually peaks about four months after the birth⁷. As the body readjusts, the shedding stops, and hair tends to regain its normal fullness within six to nine months⁷. If the stress continues, the shedding can last much longer⁷.

Female pattern hair loss is the most common cause of hair loss in women, the AAD says³. It is hereditary, and for most women it begins in their 40s, 50s or 60s³. It is progressive, meaning women tend to keep losing hair, and the part often gets wider³. Because it is more common after menopause, hormones may also play a role³. Men with hereditary hair loss tend to get a receding hairline or a bald patch in the center of the scalp⁷. The medical name for this hereditary, patterned hair loss is androgenetic alopecia²⁶.

The approved treatments are the yardstick for any peptide: minoxidil is approved without a prescription for women, and finasteride for men only³⁶. Some prescription pills have helped women with pattern hair loss regrow hair, but FDA approved them for other conditions, not this one³.

Which is better, minoxidil or a peptide?

Minoxidil is FDA-approved for female pattern hair loss, and the AAD calls it the most recommended treatment for it³. Apart from PP405, a drug still in trials, none of the peptides added to hair products is classified as a medicine, a 2026 review says². Few studies compare the two head to head¹².

The label of a 2% minoxidil solution for women reports trials in mostly white women aged 18 to 45 with mild to moderate hair loss⁸. After 8 months, 19% of women on minoxidil reported moderate regrowth, versus 7% on placebo⁸. Minimal regrowth was reported by 40% on minoxidil and 33% on placebo⁸. The label does not say how many women took part⁸. It warns that the product will not work for everyone, and that hair loss will begin again if use stops⁸. It also rules the product out for hair loss that is sudden, patchy or linked to childbirth⁸.

Finasteride (Propecia) is a pill approved for male pattern hair loss in men only, and it is not indicated for women⁶. Its label describes three 12-month trials in 1,879 men, two of them in 1,553 men with thinning on the crown (vertex)⁶. In those crown trials, a blinded panel rating photos saw more hair at 12 months in 48% of men on finasteride and 7% on placebo⁶. In a 12-month study of 137 postmenopausal women, its effectiveness could not be demonstrated⁶. Stopping it reverses the effect within 12 months, the label says⁶.

In a PubMed search on 8 October 2026, we found one randomized trial that compared a peptide product with minoxidil⁹. In it, 32 adults, 16 of them men, used either 3% minoxidil or a combination of acetyl tetrapeptide-3, biochanin A and ginseng extracts¹⁰. After 24 weeks, counts of full-size (terminal) hairs had risen 8.3% with the combination and 8.7% with minoxidil, not a statistically significant difference¹⁰. The trial had no funding, and the authors called for larger, longer studies¹⁰.

A 2025 review describes a 24-week randomized trial in 106 men comparing 5% minoxidil with a mix of three branded ingredients¹. The mix, of Redensyl, Capixyl and Procapil, scored higher on researcher, photo and self-ratings, the review reports¹. Two of the three contain peptides: Capixyl has acetyl tetrapeptide-3, and Procapil has biotinyl-GHK¹. We did not find that trial in a PubMed search on 8 October 2026, so we could not check it¹¹.

As of 8 October 2026, Thailand’s Institute of Dermatology lists a randomized, double-blind trial comparing a peptide hair serum with 2% minoxidil as recruiting¹². It plans to enroll 80 adults and to measure hair density at 12 and 24 weeks¹². The record lists MEDEZE Cosmeceutical Company Limited as a collaborator¹².

Does GHK-Cu regrow hair?

GHK-Cu is a copper peptide sold as a cosmetic ingredient, not an approved drug⁴⁶⁴⁷. On ingredient labels it appears as copper tripeptide-1⁴⁸. Hair evidence for copper peptides comes from lab dishes, from animals and from a few small studies in people^13141549.

• In the lab, AHK-Cu, another copper tripeptide, made human hair follicles grow longer outside the body and made dermal papilla cells multiply¹³¹⁵. Dermal papilla cells are specialized cells that are important in the growth of hair follicles¹³.
• In animals, a 1993 report found that a copper-binding peptide, PC1031, enlarged hair follicles on rats, an effect similar to that of topical minoxidil¹⁴.
• In people, we found no study that tested GHK-Cu alone on scalp hair loss, in PubMed searches on 7 and 8 October 2026⁴⁴⁵.

In one placebo-controlled trial, 45 men with pattern hair loss used a GHK and 5-aminolevulinic acid compound, at two strengths, or placebo for 6 months¹⁵. The compound’s chemical formula contains no copper, so it was not GHK-Cu¹⁵. Hair was counted within a circle 1 cm across on the front of the scalp¹⁵. Counts rose by 52.6 hairs on the higher strength, 71.5 on the lower strength and 9.6 on placebo¹⁵. Hair counts rose more on the lower strength than on placebo, while hair length and thickness did not differ between groups¹⁵. There were no adverse events, and the Small and Medium Business Administration of Gwangju and Jeollanam-do supported the study¹⁵.

For eyebrows, a split-face trial in 18 adults compared a 2% GHK-Cu serum with placebo for 12 weeks⁴⁹. Hair counts rose on the GHK-Cu side but did not change significantly on the placebo side⁴⁹. The authors report better results than with placebo, but the abstract gives no statistic for that comparison⁴⁹.

Other human reports we found mixed a copper peptide with drugs or growth factors, so they cannot show what the peptide does alone^4164550.

• A single-arm study gave 1,000 patients eight sessions of injections into the scalp, 3 weeks apart, containing growth factors, thymosin beta-4 and copper tripeptide-1¹⁶. A hair pull test showed significantly less hair fall in 83% of patients, and there was no control group¹⁶.
• At one center, 18,918 men had scalp injections containing a copper peptide and also took finasteride and minoxidil, a review of their records says⁵⁰. It had no control group⁵⁰.
• A 2025 report looked back at 7 men whose hair loss had responded poorly to at least a year of standard treatment¹⁷. In five monthly sessions, a tattoo machine pushed a compounded solution of minoxidil, dutasteride and copper peptides into the scalp¹⁷. The men also kept using minoxidil on the scalp, and there was no control group¹⁷. Four dermatologists rated shuffled photos without knowing which were taken before or after, and the median regrowth over the top of the scalp was 26.5%¹⁷.

Across all cosmetic uses, a 2026 systematic review found 20 studies of GHK-Cu used alone: 18 lab or animal studies and only 2 randomized trials⁵¹. On skin, a maker-funded serum cut wrinkle volume more than placebo in 20 women over 8 weeks⁵². A laser-aftercare trial found no objective benefit at 12 weeks in the 13 patients who completed it⁵³. Our guide to peptides in skincare covers those trials, and our GHK-Cu page covers its safety and legal status. On ClinicalTrials.gov, a search on 8 October 2026 for GHK, GHK-Cu, copper peptides or AHK-Cu found 23 studies, none about hair¹⁸.

Do peptide serums really help grow hair?

Almost all peptide hair products also contain vitamins, minerals or other additives, so the peptide’s own effect is hard to judge, a 2025 review says¹. For Procapil and Capixyl, two branded ingredients, the placebo-controlled tests it describes come from the makers’ own technical files¹.

• Procapil, from the French company Sederma, combines the peptide biotinyl-GHK with apigenin and oleanolic acid, two plant compounds¹. Citing Sederma’s technical file, the review describes a placebo-controlled pilot trial in 35 men, 18 of whom used a 3% Procapil lotion for 4 months¹. Of those 18, 67% improved their ratio of growing to resting hairs¹.
• Capixyl, from Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, pairs acetyl tetrapeptide-3 with biochanin A, from red clover¹. Citing the maker’s file, the review says 30 men used a 5% Capixyl lotion or placebo for 4 months, 15 in each group¹. Their ratio of growing to resting hairs rose 46% on Capixyl and fell 33% on placebo¹.

Our PubMed search on 8 October 2026 found only 2 records for acetyl tetrapeptide-3 or Capixyl: that review and the minoxidil comparison above¹⁹. For biotinoyl tripeptide-1, biotinyl-GHK or Procapil, a search found 33 records, and none of the hair studies among them tested the peptide alone²⁰. A PubMed search for myristoyl pentapeptide-17 found no records at all²¹.

A 2018 randomized trial tested a peptide lotion in 30 women with heavy shedding (telogen effluvium)²². Of them, 15 had the lotion and 15 had 0.9% saline (salt water), each followed by microneedling with a roller of tiny needles²². The lotion’s main ingredients were lab-made peptides, such as decapeptide-18 and octapeptide-2²². Both groups had a larger share of growing hairs after treatment²². In the peptide group, hair density on the top of the head was up 19.3% six months after the last of 16 treatments²². The authors say the peptide group did better, but their table tests changes within each group, not differences between the groups²². The paper does not say the trial was blinded²². No side effects were identified, and the authors declared no conflicts of interest and no financial support²².

The abstracts of three other published studies describe no placebo group²³²⁴²⁵.

• A 2024 study, which its authors call quasi-experimental, divided 160 patients with pattern hair loss into two groups of 80²³. Both groups had platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment, and one group also used a 5% Procapil solution²³. After 6 months, more patients in the Procapil group achieved better dermatologist and patient satisfaction scores²³.
• A 2024 study enrolled 32 adults with hair loss to test a hair serum combining Procapil with three other branded ingredients for 60 days²⁴. Its abstract reports a 31.62% rise in hair growth rate at 60 days and no adverse events²⁴. Anveya Living, an Indian company, paid for it and is among the authors’ affiliations²⁴.
• An open-label study, where everyone knew what they used, followed 30 women aged 25 to 65 using a peptide lash serum for 12 weeks²⁵. Lash length rose 8.3% and lash number 5% from the start, and no adverse effects were reported²⁵. Cantabria Labs, a Spanish company, funded it, and its medical affairs department is among the authors’ affiliations²⁵.

A 2026 study of 79 lash products sold as cosmetics found that about 30% contained a prostaglandin analog, such as bimatoprost²⁶. The others relied on ingredients such as castor oil, amino acids, panthenol and peptides, which the authors call harmless²⁶. FDA says a claim that a product will restore hair growth can make it a drug, even if it is marketed as a cosmetic²⁷. Our collagen guide covers the separate question of collagen supplements for hair.

Do peptide injections like BPC-157 help hair grow?

FDA’s 2026 review of TB-500 says it is marketed online for many uses, including promoting hair growth²⁸. The same review found no study that gave TB-500 to people²⁸. TB-500 is a lab-made chain of 7 amino acids copied from part of thymosin beta-4, a natural body protein²⁸. FDA says the two are not the same substance²⁸.

In a 2004 study, thymosin beta-4, the full protein, stimulated hair growth in normal rats and mice²⁹. In a 2015 study, mice engineered to make extra thymosin beta-4 regrew hair faster, and mice lacking it regrew hair more slowly³⁰. In a PubMed search on 8 October 2026, the only study that treated people was the 1,000-patient injected mixture described above¹⁶³¹. Thymosin beta-4 is not approved by FDA for any use⁵⁴⁵⁵. On 8 October 2026, ClinicalTrials.gov listed 18 studies of thymosin beta-4 or TB-500, mostly for eye, wound or heart conditions, and none for hair³².

BPC-157 is not approved as a medicine anywhere⁵⁶. We found no study of BPC-157 and hair in a PubMed search on 8 October 2026³³. That day, ClinicalTrials.gov listed 4 BPC-157 studies, on muscle or tendon injury, inflammation or basic safety, and none on hair³⁴. None of the five clinical studies FDA found gave BPC-157 by injection under the skin, by mouth or in the nose⁵⁶.

MK-677 is a small drug molecule, not a peptide, that makes the body release more of its own growth hormone⁵⁷. An expert in a report cited by FDA called growth hormone secretagogues, the drug class it belongs to, “lifestyle medications” for skin, hair or body⁵⁷. Our PubMed search for these drugs and hair found 3 papers, all about detecting the drugs in hair samples³⁵.

A 2026 systematic review of injections into the scalp for pattern hair loss, a technique called mesotherapy, included 30 studies³⁶. Of the 30, 7 were interventional studies, in which researchers assign a treatment, while 11 were observational and 12 descriptive³⁶. Multivitamin and peptide formulas were the most studied agents³⁶. The review said injections may offer a cosmetic benefit, particularly with dutasteride, a drug used for hair loss³⁶. The authors said small samples, varied methods and short follow-up limit the evidence, and called for standardized randomized trials³⁶. Our BPC-157, TB-500, thymosin beta-4 and MK-677 pages cover their safety and legal status.

What is PP405, and is it a peptide?

A 2026 review of short peptides for hair loss calls PP405 “a peptide that activates hair follicle stem cells”². Its developer, Pelage Pharmaceuticals, describes PP405 as a “topical small molecule” and does not call it a peptide on either page we saved³⁷³⁸. Pelage licensed PP405 and related small molecules from UCLA in 2018³⁷. Peptide drugs such as semaglutide are chains of amino acids, while orforglipron, for example, is a small nonpeptide molecule⁵⁸⁵⁹.

Pelage sponsored the Phase 2a trial, which enrolled 78 adults with pattern hair loss, 68 men and 10 women³⁷³⁹. They used PP405 gel or a placebo gel for 4 weeks and were followed to 12 weeks³⁷³⁹. The company says the trial met its main goal, safety, and detected no PP405 in the blood³⁷. Hair growth was only an exploratory measure³⁷. The company reported “a rapid and statistically significant clinical response” after one month of treatment³⁷. At week 8, 31% of men with more advanced hair loss on PP405 gained more than 20% in hair density, versus 0% on placebo³⁷. The release does not say how many men were in that group³⁷.

The 2026 review describes “statistically significant hair regrowth in just eight weeks” among 78 patients². The registry record’s title mentions efficacy, but its listed outcomes and the results posted on 22 September 2026 cover only safety and drug levels³⁹. Serious adverse events affected 0 of 51 people on PP405 and 1 of 27 on placebo, an upper-limb fracture³⁹. Itching where the gel was applied affected 7 of 51 on PP405 and 2 of 27 on placebo³⁹.

As of 8 October 2026, Pelage’s Phase 2/3 trial of PP405, which plans to enroll 600 men aged 18 to 55, is recruiting⁴⁰. Its main measure is the change in hair count in a target area at week 24⁴⁰. This trial enrolls men only; in 2025 the company said it expected Phase 3 studies in men and women to start in 2026³⁷⁴⁰. The review says high production costs, low permeability, too few trials and no comparison with standard medicines hold most peptides back from the market². Peptides typically pass poorly through membranes, it says².

Do semaglutide and tirzepatide cause hair loss?

Hair loss is a listed side effect of Wegovy (semaglutide) and Zepbound (tirzepatide), and both labels say it was associated with weight reduction⁵⁴¹. Our semaglutide and tirzepatide pages cover their other side effects.

• Zepbound: in two trials with 2,519 adults treated for up to 72 weeks, 7.1% of women and 0.5% of men reported hair loss⁵. On placebo, 1.3% of women and no men reported it⁵. No one stopped Zepbound because of hair loss, while one person on placebo did⁵.
• Wegovy: in three placebo-controlled trials of up to 68 weeks, 3% of 2,116 adults on 2.4 mg reported hair loss, versus 1% on placebo⁴¹. In three 68-week trials, 4% of women and 0.9% of men on Wegovy reported it, against 2% of women and no men on placebo⁴¹.
• In two 72-week trials with 1,311 people on a higher 7.2 mg dose of Wegovy, 8.4% of women and 0.2% of men reported hair loss⁴¹. In those trials, 5.4% of women on 2.4 mg and 1.5% of women on placebo reported it⁴¹.
• Eli Lilly, Zepbound’s maker, ran SURMOUNT-5, a 72-week trial in 751 adults comparing tirzepatide with semaglutide⁵⁴². It was open-label, so everyone knew which drug they took⁴²⁶⁰. Hair loss was reported by 31 of 374 people on tirzepatide and 23 of 376 on semaglutide⁴².

The AAD lists losing 20 pounds or more among the triggers of heavy shedding⁷. As of 8 October 2026, Johns Hopkins University lists a pilot trial of tirzepatide in 20 adults with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) as recruiting⁴³. CCCA is a type of permanent scarring hair loss, and the trial has no separate comparison group⁴³. Eli Lilly, tirzepatide’s maker, is listed as a collaborator⁵⁴³. Our comparison sets the two drugs’ side effects side by side, and our guide to peptides for women covers other skin and hair effects.

What are the side effects of peptides for hair?

For comparison, minoxidil can cause a temporary increase in hair loss in the first two to eight weeks, and an irritated scalp is common³. Its label warns that it may be harmful during pregnancy or breastfeeding⁸.

• In the 24-week trial against minoxidil, no local reactions were seen with the peptide combination, while one person on minoxidil developed scalp eczema¹⁰.
• The eyebrow trial of a 2% GHK-Cu serum reported no serious side effects or allergic reactions in 18 adults⁴⁹.
• The lash serum study, the GHK compound trial and the 2018 shedding trial reported no adverse effects¹⁵²²²⁵.
• Copper is a recognized contact allergen in some people⁶¹.
• A 2025 review credits these newer topical agents with a “lack of significant side effects” but lists small samples among the studies’ flaws¹.

A 2026 systematic review of scalp injections found that side effects were generally mild³⁶. They included scarring, acute dermatitis (sudden skin inflammation) and paradoxical alopecia, meaning hair loss after a treatment meant to regrow hair³⁶.

• Among 18,918 men given copper peptide scalp injections with other treatments, 3.4% had slight pain and 0.3% slight bleeding⁵⁰.
• For injected GHK-Cu, FDA warns of possible immune reactions, and we found no published study that injected it alone in people⁶²⁶³.
• Finnrick, a testing service, failed 43 of its latest 200 GHK-Cu samples, tested from June to September 2026⁶⁴.
• FDA found no human safety data for TB-500²⁸.

Lash serums with prostaglandin analogs raise a separate concern, because those ingredients are not regulated for use in cosmetics, a 2026 study says²⁶.

The evidence at a glance

A tier grades the best human evidence for any use, not whether a compound is safe. Whether each one works for the use people take it for, and its legal status: the evidence table. How we grade: our method.

Questions people ask

Go deeper

• Collagen peptides: what the trials show, and who paid for them
• Compounded semaglutide, tirzepatide and microdosing: what the evidence says
• GLP-1s and peptides before surgery, at home or in Seoul
• Peptide blends, checked against the evidence
• Peptide injection sites: what the approved labels say
• Peptide side effects: what trials, labels and safety alerts show
• Peptide therapy, graded on the evidence
• Peptides for women: what the labels and trials say
• Peptides in skincare: what the trials and labels show
• What are peptides? The science in plain English
• Every peptide, graded: the evidence table
• Best peptides for weight loss, ranked
• Best peptides for healing, ranked
• Best peptides for skin and tanning, ranked
• Best peptides for growth hormone, ranked
• Best peptides for libido, ranked
• Best peptides for longevity, ranked
• Best peptides for focus and sleep, ranked
• Best peptides for immune support, ranked
• Are peptides legal? The legal tracker
• Peptides compared, head to head
• The 2026 gray-market briefing

Sources

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23. 23Comparison of platelet rich therapy alone with platelet rich therapy along with daily topical 5% Procapil application for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
24. 24Safety and efficacy of REGENDIL™ infused hair growth promoting product in adult human subject having hair fall complaints (alopecia) Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, Mar 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
25. 25Open clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a novel eyelash growth enhancer with peptides and glycosaminoglycans Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, Jun 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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27. 27Is It a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is It Soap?) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 11 Sep 2024. fda.gov
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37. 37Pelage Pharmaceuticals Announces Positive Phase 2a Clinical Trial Results for PP405 in Regenerative Hair Loss Therapy Pelage Pharmaceuticals, 17 Jun 2025. pelagepharma.com
38. 38PP405 for Hair Loss: Our Program Pelage Pharmaceuticals, 14 Aug 2026. pelagepharma.com
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