Oxytocin Nasal Spray: Research, Doses, Legal Status (2026)

Quick answers

What is it?: A hormone nine amino acids long, found in the pituitary gland¹. A lab-made copy, Pitocin, is an approved hospital injection for labor and bleeding after birth¹. Compounded nasal sprays and ‘research’ vials are sold online for calm, bonding and intimacy⁵⁶⁷.
Does it work?: Yes, for preventing bleeding after birth: in a trial of 1,000 women, it cut average blood loss from 527 to 407 mL⁸. Spray trials for calm, mood, bonding and libido are small and mixed²³. Sprays matched placebo for women’s sexual problems and social anxiety⁴⁹.
Is it safe?: In short research studies, side effects of the spray matched placebo¹⁰, as they did over 24 weeks in children with autism¹¹. Hospital drips have caused dangerous water retention, with seizures and deaths¹. A nursing mother who overused a spray had seizures in 1985¹².
Is it legal?: In the US, approved oxytocin comes only as prescription injections, such as Pitocin¹¹³. By our reading, pharmacies may make sprays and lozenges on prescription, but these are not FDA-approved¹⁴¹⁵. ‘Research’ vials are labeled not for human use⁷¹⁶. Sport’s banned list does not name it¹⁷¹⁸.
What is in the vials?: No independent tests were found. Finnrick, a testing service, had published no oxytocin results as of 25 September 2026¹⁹. Vial sellers post their own purity claims, and one prints no batch code on its vials⁷¹⁶. FDA does not check compounded sprays before sale¹⁵.

What it is

Oxytocin is a hormone nine amino acids long, found in the pituitary gland of mammals¹. A sulfur bridge between its two cysteines closes the first six amino acids into a ring, and the chain ends in an amide²⁰. It works through oxytocin receptors. In the womb, these receptors multiply greatly during pregnancy, and oxytocin triggers contractions by raising calcium inside the muscle cells¹. At large doses it can also raise blood pressure and make the body hold water; the label attributes this to its likeness to vasopressin, the body’s water-retaining hormone, which differs from it at only two positions¹. Its reputation as a bonding hormone comes largely from animals: in female prairie voles, oxytocin infused into the brain helped them form a preference for a male partner, while the same hormone given under the skin did not²¹. Whether a nasal spray gets enough into the human brain is disputed. In 11 people given 24 IU, levels in the fluid around the brain and spinal cord rose within 75 minutes²², but a 2016 review said very little of a nasal dose appears to reach that fluid, while blood levels rise far above normal²³.

In 1953 Vincent du Vigneaud, a chemist at Cornell University, isolated oxytocin and determined its chemical makeup. It became the first peptide hormone to have its amino-acid sequence determined, and he also produced it artificially²⁴. He won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in part for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone²⁴. Pitocin is made synthetically to avoid contamination with vasopressin and other active small peptides¹.

Benefits: what the research shows

Oxytocin’s approved uses rest on large trials. In a double-blind trial of 1,000 women, 10 IU into a vein after vaginal delivery cut average blood loss from 527 to 407 mL compared with salt water⁸. A 2019 Cochrane review found, in 6 trials with 4,162 women, that preventive oxytocin may lower the risk of losing 500 mL or more of blood compared with no drug or placebo (risk ratio 0.51), though the evidence was of low quality²⁵. In 1,075 women in Ireland, 10 IU into a vein led to less severe bleeding than the same dose into a muscle (4.6% vs 8.1%)²⁶. In the CONDISOX trial of 1,200 women whose labor was induced, stopping the drip once active labor began cut overstimulation of the womb (3.7% vs 12.9%) without a significant rise in cesareans (16.6% vs 14.2%)²⁷. The uses it is sold for rest mostly on small, short nasal-spray studies, and the results conflict. A 2016 analysis judged the field generally underpowered and said most published findings probably do not reflect true effects². One 24 IU dose eased anxiety during a lab stress test in 37 healthy men²⁸, and a 2005 study reported more trust in an investment game²⁹, but a large registered replication found no effect on trust³. Added to exposure therapy, it gave no extra symptom relief in 25 people with social anxiety disorder⁹. In a pilot trial in 23 people with depression, it improved the results of talk therapy³⁰, and in 58 new mothers it eased negative mood only in those scoring below the cut-off for postnatal depression³¹. For sex, 32 IU before intercourse for 8 weeks worked no better than placebo in 30 women with sexual problems⁴, and one 24 IU dose in 29 couples left desire and arousal unchanged, with small to moderate effects on orgasm intensity and contentment afterward³². Longer trials for other uses missed their main goals: social symptoms of autism in 290 children and teens over 24 weeks¹¹ and in 106 adults over 6 weeks³³, and weight in 61 adults with obesity over 8 weeks, although it cut intake at one test meal by 152 kcal compared with placebo³⁴. A review of 9 schizophrenia trials found no consistent benefit³⁵.

Key human studies

Study	Design	People	Dose and route	Result
Nordström et al., Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997⁸PubMed · DOI	Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial; women having a vaginal delivery of a single baby	1,000	10 IU into a vein in the third stage of labor, vs saline	Mean total blood loss 407 vs 527 mL; extra methylergometrine needed 7.8% vs 13.8%; hemoglobin below 10 g/dL after delivery 9.7% vs 15.2%
Boie et al., BMJ 2021 (CONDISOX)²⁷PubMed · DOI · NCT02553226	Double-blind randomized trial in 9 Danish hospitals and 1 Dutch hospital; women whose induced labor was stimulated with an oxytocin drip	1,200	Oxytocin drip into a vein continued or discontinued in the active phase of labor	Cesarean 16.6% with discontinuation vs 14.2% with continuation (relative risk 1.17, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.53); uterine hyperstimulation 3.7% vs 12.9%; abnormal fetal heart rate 27.9% vs 40.8%; labor longer after discontinuation (median 282 vs 201 minutes)
Sikich et al., N Engl J Med 2021 (SOARS-B)¹¹PubMed · DOI · NCT01944046	24-week randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial; children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 with autism	290	Nasal spray, total target dose 48 IU a day	Social withdrawal score changed -3.7 with oxytocin vs -3.5 with placebo (difference -0.2, 95% CI -1.5 to 1.0; P = 0.61); secondary outcomes generally no different; adverse events similar
Declerck et al., Nat Hum Behav 2020³PubMed · DOI	Registered, double-blind, placebo-controlled replication of a 2005 trust-game study, with and without minimal social contact; powered above 95%	–	Nasal spray (dose not stated in the abstract)	No effect of oxytocin on trusting behavior with minimal social contact; an exploratory hint of more trust in people with low trust disposition needs confirmation
Muin et al., Fertil Steril 2015⁴PubMed · DOI · NCT02229721	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial lasting 22 weeks; premenopausal and postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction	30	32 IU nasal spray self-given within 50 minutes before intercourse, 8 weeks per arm	Sexual function scores rose 26% on oxytocin and 31% on placebo, with no significant treatment effect; sexual function and depression symptoms improved over time on both
Guastella et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009⁹PubMed · DOI	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial added to exposure therapy; people with social anxiety disorder	25	24 IU nasal spray with exposure-therapy sessions	Better self-rated appearance and speech performance as sessions progressed, but no added benefit on overall treatment outcome: symptom reduction was similar with oxytocin and placebo

Doses studied

Doses below are what studies used or what a label says. They are not advice, and gray-market products may not contain what their label says.

In human studies

Pitocin label: to start or strengthen labor, only as a drip into a vein, in hospital and under medical supervision, started very low and adjusted to how the uterus responds; after delivery, to control bleeding, as a drip into a vein or 10 units into a muscle after the placenta is delivered¹. Nasal research has mostly used single doses of 18 to 40 IU, with up to 182 doses in some studies¹⁰. Longer trials used 32 IU before intercourse for 8 weeks⁴, a target of 48 IU a day for 24 weeks in children with autism¹¹, and 24 IU four times a day for 8 weeks in adults with obesity³⁴.

In animal studies

Female prairie voles: mini-pumps released 1 to 100 ng of oxytocin per hour into the brain’s ventricles or under the skin during 6 hours with a male; 10 and 100 ng per hour into the brain produced a partner preference, while delivery under the skin did not²¹.

What users report Anecdotal · not validated · not a recommendation

A dosing-protocol website (updated 27 September 2026) lists 100 to 500 µg a day, injected under the skin or sprayed into the nose⁴².

Half-life: about 1 to 6 minutes¹Plasma half-life of injected oxytocin, per the Pitocin label; shorter in late pregnancy and during breastfeeding
Routes: Intravenous drip or injection: the approved hospital route for labor and after delivery; large human trials
Intramuscular injection: approved after delivery of the placenta; large human trials
Nasal spray: many controlled studies, mostly of single doses, including one of 24 weeks; Syntocinon nasal solution is discontinued in the US, and telehealth companies sell compounded sprays
Lozenge (troche): sold by a telehealth company; no controlled trial found
Injection under the skin: listed by a dosing website for ‘research’ vials; no human trial of this route found

Every dose studied for Oxytocin, with sources →

Legal status

United States: In the US, approved oxytocin is marketed only as injections. Drugs@FDA lists Pitocin (NDA 018261) and generic 10-unit-per-mL injections from Hikma, Fresenius Kabi and Sagent as current prescription products; Syntocinon injection, Syntocinon nasal solution (NDA 012285), an older generic and premixed bags are listed as discontinued¹³. Pitocin’s label covers starting labor when there is a medical reason, strengthening labor, add-on treatment of incomplete or inevitable abortion, and producing contractions and controlling bleeding after birth¹. To start or strengthen labor, it should be given only as a drip into a vein, with medical supervision in a hospital, and it is not indicated for elective induction¹. Telehealth companies sell nasal sprays and lozenges made by compounding pharmacies⁵⁶. Compounded drugs are not FDA-approved, and FDA does not verify their safety, effectiveness or quality before they are sold¹⁵. ‘Research’ vials are labeled not for human use⁷¹⁶. Under Import Alert 66-41, which covers unapproved new drugs promoted in the US, FDA may detain without examination a Beijing firm’s oxytocin injection, an entry dated 7 August 2012 that also lists the firm’s melanotan II, GHRP-2, GHRP-6 and ipamorelin³⁸.
US pharmacies: Oxytocin is not in any category of FDA’s 503A bulk-substance list (updated 14 May 2026) and is not on FDA’s list of bulk substances that may present significant safety risks (page current 22 April 2026)³⁹⁴⁰. That alone does not block compounding. Under 503A, a pharmacy must use a bulk ingredient that meets a USP or NF monograph if one exists. If none exists, it may use a component of an FDA-approved drug, or else a substance on FDA’s 503A bulks list. The powder also needs a valid certificate of analysis and an FDA-registered maker¹⁴. Oxytocin is the active ingredient of Pitocin and its approved generics¹³. FDA’s 503B list (updated 21 March 2025) marks ‘Oxytocin’ with ‘**’, its flag for components of FDA-approved drugs, and places it in Category 1, ‘Bulk Drug Substances Under Evaluation’, for outsourcing facilities³⁶. Our reading is that US pharmacies may compound oxytocin on prescription. Two telehealth sellers say their sprays and lozenges are compounded by licensed pharmacies or to order⁵⁶. We found no oxytocin-specific 503A statement from FDA.
Other countries: Canada: Health Canada’s Drug Product Database lists three marketed human oxytocin products, all injections given into a vein or muscle, from Pfizer, Fresenius Kabi and Hikma, and no nasal product⁴¹. Australia: oxytocin is a Schedule 4 (prescription-only) medicine in the Poisons Standard in force from 1 October 2026³⁷. UK and EU: not verified.
Sport: Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List or on the 2027 List, which takes effect 1 January 2027¹⁷¹⁸. Class S0 bans substances with no current government approval for human therapeutic use; oxytocin is approved in the US, so it falls outside S0¹⁷. The 2027 List adds ‘peptides’ to the S0 examples but keeps the same approval test, so its status does not change¹⁸.

Oxytocin in the legal tracker →

Quality and the gray market

What testing finds

No independent test results for oxytocin were found. Finnrick, a testing service whose public summary listed 11,999 tests across 34 products as of 25 September 2026, had none for oxytocin¹⁹. Two sellers of 2 mg ‘research’ vials list HPLC purity (a lab test that separates a sample’s parts) of at least 98% and 99%. One says each lot is independently tested, which we could not verify, and the other says no batch or lot code is printed on its vials⁷¹⁶. FDA does not verify the quality of compounded sprays before sale¹⁵. Its inspection reports, which record inspectors’ observations rather than final findings, give two examples. In 2016, a Montana compounding pharmacy used a non-pharmaceutical-grade ingredient, meant as a preservative, in drugs such as oxytocin nasal spray⁴³. In 2018, a Florida compounding pharmacy could not show that an ingredient used in its oxytocin nasal spray was of pharmaceutical grade⁴⁴. For comparison, the approved drug’s label allows up to 16% total impurities, and the hormone is made synthetically to avoid contamination with vasopressin¹.

How it is sold

Oxytocin reaches buyers two ways. Telehealth companies sell compounded oxytocin on prescription: one offers a nasal spray or a lozenge for $135 a month, promoted for stress, cortisol, mood, heart health and longevity⁵; another sells a 15 mL nasal spray for $199, promoted for calm, trust and intimacy⁶. ‘Research’ websites list 2 mg vials of powder at $20 and $35 (prices seen 7 October 2026), labeled for research use only and not for human use⁷¹⁶. FDA’s import alert has named one Chinese firm’s oxytocin injection since 2012³⁸. No reliable demand data, such as testing requests or search trends, were found.

Side effects and risks

Water intoxication: oxytocin makes the body hold water, and Pitocin’s label reports severe water intoxication with seizures and coma during a slow 24-hour drip, and maternal deaths¹. A nursing mother who overused a nasal spray developed seizures from low blood sodium¹².
During pregnancy, too much can overstimulate the womb, causing spasm or rupture, and the label lists harms to the fetus or newborn including slow heart rate, brain damage and death¹.
The label lists severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), irregular heartbeats, episodes of high blood pressure and bleeding around the brain among reactions reported in mothers; large doses can raise blood pressure¹.
Long-term nasal use is poorly studied: research doses were mostly single sprays of 18 to 40 IU, and a 2011 review found three case reports of adverse reactions from misuse or longer-term use¹⁰.
A nasal dose may push blood levels far above normal while very little reaches the brain, with likely effects on the gut, heart and reproductive tract²³.
Product quality is unknown: no independent tests of gray-market oxytocin were found, FDA does not check compounded sprays before sale, and FDA inspectors have recorded ingredient-grade problems in compounded oxytocin sprays^15194344.

Documented harms

Mar 1985A case report described a nursing mother, in hospital for a viral illness and given a large volume of fluid into a vein, who developed severe water intoxication, with brain dysfunction from low sodium and seizures, while overusing an oxytocin nasal spray. She later developed a Guillain-Barré type nerve illness, which may itself lower sodium, but the authors judged the spray the likely cause¹².
Sep 2011A review of 38 controlled trials of nasal oxytocin from 1990 to 2010 found side effects no different from placebo in short-term research use, and three published case reports of adverse reactions from misuse or longer-term use¹⁰.
21 May 2026Pitocin’s current label reports severe water intoxication with seizures and coma during a slow 24-hour drip, and maternal deaths from oxytocin-induced water intoxication. It also reports maternal deaths from high blood pressure episodes, bleeding around the brain and rupture of the womb, and fetal deaths, with oxytocic drugs given to start or strengthen labor¹.

Questions people ask

Is oxytocin nasal spray FDA approved?

No. The one oxytocin nasal spray in Drugs@FDA, Syntocinon nasal solution, is listed as discontinued, and the approved products on the market are injections such as Pitocin¹³. Sprays sold by telehealth companies are compounded, and compounded drugs are not FDA-approved¹⁵.

Does oxytocin nasal spray help with anxiety?

The evidence is weak. One 24 IU dose eased anxiety during a lab stress test in 37 healthy men²⁸, but added to exposure therapy in 25 people with social anxiety disorder, it gave no extra symptom relief⁹.

Does oxytocin increase libido?

Not in the trials we found. In 30 women with sexual problems, 32 IU before sex for 8 weeks worked no better than placebo⁴. In 29 couples, one 24 IU dose did not change desire or arousal, though it had small to moderate effects on orgasm intensity and contentment afterward³².

Does oxytocin help with weight loss?

Not in the main trial so far. In 61 adults with obesity, 24 IU four times a day for 8 weeks did not change weight, body fat or resting energy use more than placebo did, although it cut intake at one test meal by 152 kcal compared with placebo³⁴.

Is oxytocin the same as Pitocin?

Pitocin is a lab-made copy of the hormone oxytocin, approved as a hospital injection for labor and bleeding after birth¹. Sprays and ‘research’ vials sold online contain, or claim to contain, the same molecule, but they are not FDA-approved products⁷¹⁵.

Does oxytocin make you trust people more?

A 2005 study found that a nasal dose increased trust in an investment game²⁹. A large registered replication of that study found no effect on trust³.

What are the side effects of oxytocin nasal spray?

In short research studies at 18 to 40 IU, side effects were no different from placebo, and over 24 weeks in children with autism adverse events were similar to placebo¹⁰¹¹. Overuse can be dangerous: a nursing mother who overused a spray in 1985 developed seizures from low blood sodium¹².

What is still unknown

Effects of daily nasal use for many months: research doses were mostly single sprays, and the longest trial found lasted 24 weeks.
What gray-market ‘research’ vials and compounded sprays actually contain: no independent test results were found.
Whether a USP monograph covers oxytocin bulk powder could not be checked directly (the USP site could not be opened); the compounding reading rests on oxytocin being a component of approved drugs.
Oxytocin’s status in the UK and the EU was not verified.
No FDA warning letter, recall or seizure naming ‘research’ oxytocin vials was found as of 7 October 2026; the FDA records found for compounded sprays were inspection observations from 2016 and 2018.
How much of a nasal dose reaches the brain at the doses sold, and whether single-dose lab effects hold up with repeated use.
How widely oxytocin is bought online: no testing-request counts or search-trend data were verified.

Sources

1PITOCIN (oxytocin injection, USP) prescribing information Par Health USA, LLC via DailyMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine), 21 May 2026. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
2Statistical and Methodological Considerations for the Interpretation of Intranasal Oxytocin Studies Biological Psychiatry, 1 Feb 2016. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust Nature Human Behaviour, Jun 2020. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4Effect of long-term intranasal oxytocin on sexual dysfunction in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized trial Fertility and Sterility, Sep 2015. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5Oxytocin Nasal Spray for Stress Reduction, Heart Health, and Longevity Healthspan (telehealth seller), accessed 7 Oct 2026. gethealthspan.com (seller page, deliberately not linked)
6Shameless Oxytocin (nasal spray product page) Shameless Care (telehealth seller), accessed 7 Oct 2026. shamelesscare.com (seller page, deliberately not linked)
7Oxytocin 2mg (product page) Battle Born Peptides (vendor), accessed 7 Oct 2026. battlebornresearch.com (seller page, deliberately not linked)
8Routine oxytocin in the third stage of labour: a placebo controlled randomised trial British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jul 1997. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
9A randomized controlled trial of intranasal oxytocin as an adjunct to exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder Psychoneuroendocrinology, Jul 2009. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10A review of safety, side-effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human research Psychoneuroendocrinology, Sep 2011. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
11Intranasal Oxytocin in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder New England Journal of Medicine, 14 Oct 2021. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
12Water intoxication and hyponatremic encephalopathy from the use of an oxytocin nasal spray. A case report Journal of Reproductive Medicine, Mar 1985. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
13Drugs@FDA records for oxytocin (9 applications, including Pitocin NDA 018261 and Syntocinon nasal solution NDA 012285), openFDA drugsfda endpoint U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA), 6 Oct 2026. api.fda.gov · data query
14Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 14 May 2026. fda.gov
15Compounding and the FDA: Questions and Answers U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 16 Sep 2025. fda.gov
16Oxytocin (product page) PeakForm Peptides (vendor), accessed 7 Oct 2026. peakformpeptides.com (seller page, deliberately not linked)
17World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency, 24 Sep 2025. wada-ama.org
18World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2027 World Anti-Doping Agency, 21 Sep 2026. wada-ama.org
19Finnrick public data summary (llms-full.txt, generated 25 September 2026) Finnrick, 25 Sep 2026. finnrick.com
20Oxytocin, PubChem compound summary (CID 439302) PubChem, U.S. National Library of Medicine, accessed 7 Oct 2026. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
21Oxytocin administered centrally facilitates formation of a partner preference in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) Journal of Neuroendocrinology, Jun 1994. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
22Elevated cerebrospinal fluid and blood concentrations of oxytocin following its intranasal administration in humans Scientific Reports, 6 Dec 2013. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
23Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions Biological Psychiatry, 1 Feb 2016. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
24Vincent du Vigneaud – Facts (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955) NobelPrize.org (Nobel Prize Outreach), accessed 7 Oct 2026. nobelprize.org
25Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 29 Apr 2019. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
26Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery: randomised controlled trial BMJ, 4 Sep 2018. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
27Continued versus discontinued oxytocin stimulation in the active phase of labour (CONDISOX): double blind randomised controlled trial BMJ, 14 Apr 2021. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
28Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress Biological Psychiatry, 15 Dec 2003. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
29Oxytocin increases trust in humans Nature, 2 Jun 2005. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
30The effects of intranasal oxytocin on the efficacy of psychotherapy for major depressive disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial Psychological Medicine, Jul 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
31Intranasal oxytocin administration improves mood in new mothers with moderate low mood but not in mothers with elevated symptoms of postnatal depression: A randomised controlled trial Journal of Affective Disorders, 1 Mar 2022. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
32Differential effects of intranasal oxytocin on sexual experiences and partner interactions in couples Hormones and Behavior, Mar 2014. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
33Effect of intranasal oxytocin on the core social symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial Molecular Psychiatry, Aug 2020. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
34Intranasal Oxytocin for Obesity NEJM Evidence, May 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
35Intranasal Oxytocin for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20 Aug 2021. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
36Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (categories list) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 21 Mar 2025. fda.gov
37Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—October 2026) Instrument 2026 (F2026L01327) Federal Register of Legislation, Australian Government, 28 Sep 2026. legislation.gov.au
38Import Alert 66-41: Detention Without Physical Examination of Unapproved New Drugs Promoted In The U.S. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1 Oct 2026. accessdata.fda.gov
39Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (categories list) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 14 May 2026. fda.gov
40Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22 Apr 2026. fda.gov
41Drug Product Database API: active ingredient search for oxytocin (19 products; status and route checked in each product record) Health Canada, accessed 7 Oct 2026. health-products.canada.ca · data query
42Oxytocin (10 mg Vial) Dosage Protocol PeptideDosages.com, 27 Sep 2026. peptidedosages.com
43FDA Form 483 inspectional observations: Montana Compounding Pharmacy P.C., Missoula, Montana (inspection 30 August 2016 to 20 September 2016) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 20 Sep 2016. fda.gov
44FDA Form 483 inspectional observations: Wells Pharmacy Network LLC, Ocala, Florida (inspection 18 June 2018 to 22 June 2018) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22 Jun 2018. fda.gov

Not medical advice. This page reports what studies and regulators say; it does not recommend using any product. How we grade evidence · Report an error.